DISCLAIMER: Dugan & Lopatka, CPAs, PC generally serves individuals, businesses, U.S. subsidiaries of foreign companies and nonprofit organizations in the greater Chicago, Illinois area. Dugan & Lopatka, CPAs, PC reserves the right not to answer any request at any time. Any tax advice in our communications is not intended or written by Dugan & Lopatka to be used, and cannot be used, by a client or any other person or entity for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties that may be imposed on any taxpayer or (ii) promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any matters addressed herein. Any advice in our communications is limited to the conclusions specifically set forth in the Ask A Question submission and is based on the completeness and accuracy of the stated facts, assumptions and/or representations included. In rendering our answer, we may consider tax authorities that are subject to change, retroactively and/or prospectively, and any changes could affect the validity of our answer. We will not update our answer for subsequent changes or modifications to the law and regulations, or to the judicial and administrative interpretations thereof.